![]() Many studies have examined possible associations between hair dye use and breast cancer, with mixed and inconsistent results. A large 2020 prospective cohort study reported no association between personal use of hair dye and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma ( 12).īreast cancer. A pooled (combined) analysis of four case–control studies found that women who began using hair dye before 1980 (before formulations were changed to remove carcinogenic compounds) were 1.3 times as likely to develop NHL as women who had never used hair dye, whereas no increase in risk was seen for women who began using hair dye after 1980 ( 16). A number of studies have investigated the relationship between personal use of hair dyes and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), with conflicting results. Some studies ( 10– 12) found no association, whereas others found an association in specific subgroups of users ( 13– 15). However, for personal use of permanent hair dyes specifically, the evidence of an association with bladder cancer is mixed. A 2014 analysis of data pooled from 17 studies found no evidence of an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with personal hair dye use ( 9). Based on a review of existing evidence, the IARC Working Group considers personal use of hair dyes overall as “not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans” ( 6).īladder cancer. That study found no increased risk in recent decades, suggesting that professional use of modern hair dyes, which no longer contain aromatic amines, may not be associated with bladder cancer risk ( 8).ĭo people who have their hair dyed have increased risks of cancer?Įpidemiologic studies that follow groups of people over time ( cohort studies) or that study people with and without specific cancers ( case–control studies) have examined possible associations between personal use of hair dyes and risks of several cancers. One study looked at risks among Swedish hairdressers over different time periods. Those who had been hairdressers for at least 10 years were nearly twice as likely to develop bladder cancer as those who had never worked as a hairdresser ( 7). A 2010 meta-analysis of 42 studies found that the longer someone had worked as a hairdresser, the more likely they were to have developed bladder cancer. This conclusion is based on many studies that have found an increased risk of bladder cancer in hairdressers and barbers who were occupationally exposed to hair dye ( 1, 7). In 2010, a report from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that some of the chemicals professional hairdressers are exposed to are “probably carcinogenic to humans” ( 6). Given the widespread use of hair dye products, if these products had even a small effect on cancer risk that could translate into a considerable public health impact.ĭo hairdressers and barbers have an increased risk of cancer? It has been estimated that between 50% and 80% of women in the United States, Japan, and the European Union have used hair dyes ( 6). Thus, studies have been conducted to understand both exposure to hair dyes in the occupational setting and exposure from personal use. People who use hair dyes frequently as part of their job, such as professional hairdressers, likely have higher exposures to potentially harmful chemicals in these products than people who have their hair dyed in a salon or who dye it at home (that is, “personal users” of hair dye). It is not known whether any of the chemicals still used in hair dyes are carcinogenic ( 5). In the mid- to late 1970s, manufacturers changed the components in permanent hair dye products to eliminate some of the carcinogenic chemicals used as dye intermediates ( 1, 3, 4). These include aromatic amines, which were used as dye intermediates in early permanent hair dye formulations. Some of the chemicals in hair dye products have been reported to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing) ( 1, 2). Instead, they include colored compounds that stain hair directly. The other types of hair dyes, known as semi-permanent and temporary hair dyes, do not involve such chemical reactions. Darker colors are formed by using higher concentrations of intermediates. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the intermediates and couplers react with one another to form pigment molecules. Permanent hair dyes, which make up about 80% of currently marketed hair dye products, use colorless dye intermediates and dye couplers. There are three main types of hair dye: permanent, semi-permanent, and temporary. Hair dyes use chemicals to change the color of the hair.
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